How did the Internet develop
Source: Shangpin China |
Type: website encyclopedia |
Date: August 23, 2012
Website production The company advocates China: The Internet is a great milestone in the development of human history, and it is the embryonic form of the future information highway, from which human beings are entering an unprecedented information society. It is extending and spreading to all continents of the world, constantly adding and absorbing new network members, and has become the computer information network with the widest coverage, the largest scale, and the richest information resources in the world.
The development of the Internet in the world has roughly gone through five stages.
1. Internet origin In a sense, the Internet can be said to be the product of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. At that time, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) believed that if there was only one centralized military command center, if this center was destroyed by the Soviet nuclear weapons, the military command of the whole country would be paralyzed, and the consequences would be unimaginable. Therefore, it is necessary to design a decentralized command system. It consists of scattered command points. When some command points are destroyed, other points can still work normally, and these points can bypass those destroyed command points and continue to maintain contact.
In order to verify this idea, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense presided over the development of the computer experimental network ARPANET (also known as ARPANET) used to support military research in 1968. When ARPANET was completed in 1969, it could connect the computer hosts of UCLA in Los Angeles, UCLA in Santa Barbara, Stanford University, and Utah State University in Salt Lake City. ARPANET uses packet switching technology, which can ensure that if a communication line between the four universities is cut off for some reason (such as a nuclear attack), information can still be transmitted between hosts through other lines. ARPANET is the earliest prototype of today's Internet.
By 1972, the number of nodes on ARPANET had reached 40, and these 40 nodes could send small text files (called e-mail at that time, now E-mail) and large text files, including data files (now FTP in the Internet), to each other, At the same time, we also found a method to use the resources on the remote computer by simulating a computer as a terminal of another remote computer. This method is called Telnet. It can be seen that E-mail, FTP and Telnet are important tools that appeared earlier on the Internet, especially E-mail is still the most important application on the Internet at present. However, the most popular www was not born at that time.
2 . Generation of TCP/IP protocol In 1972, experts and scholars from the computer industry and communication industry around the world held the first international computer communication conference in Washington, USA. At this meeting, everyone reached an agreement on communication between different computer networks, and decided to establish a working group to establish a standard specification (called "communication protocol") that can ensure communication between computers; In 1973, the US Department of Defense also began to study how to realize the interconnection between different networks. The above research has led to the emergence and development of the two most critical protocols in the Internet, namely TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol). Later, the US Department of Defense decided to unconditionally provide the TCP/IP protocol for free to the world. The disclosure of the core technologies of these two communication protocols eventually led to the spread of the Internet all over the world today. By 1980, there were both ARPANET using TCP/IP protocol and many computer networks using other communication protocols in the world. In order to connect these networks, Vinton Cerf, an American, proposed an idea: use their own communication protocol within each network, and use TCP/IP protocol when communicating with other networks. This assumption eventually led to the birth of the Internet, and established the unshakable position of the TCP 8-P protocol in network interconnection.
3. The "Spring and Autumn and Warring States" era of the Internet From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, it can be said that the "Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period" era of the network, and various networks emerged at the historic moment. In 1982, Steve Bellovin of North Carolina State University in the United States founded a network that was later called U senet. The main function of this network is to allow any user in the network to send a message (also called message or article) to one user, several users or all users of the network, You can use this network to discuss your concerns with others. In 1983, a network for discussing problems also appeared at the City University of New York. This network is called BITNet. In this network, different topics are divided into different groups. If users want to read articles in a group, they can only subscribe through their own computers. This network is later called Mailing Lisi (e-mail group). Also in 1983, another network Fido Ne "Fedo Network, or Fido BBS), namely bulletin board system, was born in San Francisco, another place in the United States. Its advantage is that users can send emails and discuss problems with each other as long as they have a computer, a modem and a telephone line. This is the later Internet BBS. These networks have all merged into the Internet and become a part of it after the Internet has formed its climate. From this point, we can see that the Internet is just a collection of the interests and networks of the world.
4. The first rapid development stage The first rapid development of the Internet originated from the National Science Foundation (NSF), which established NSFNET.
In the early 1980s, a large number of scientists in the United States called for the sharing of computer and network resources in the United States to improve the infrastructure construction in education and scientific research and resist the challenges and competition of advanced education and scientific and technological progress in Europe and Japan. By the mid-1980s, in order to encourage universities and research institutions to share their four very expensive computer hosts, the National Science Foundation of the United States hoped that the computers of universities and research institutes would be connected to these four supercomputers. At first, NSF tried to use ARPANET as the communication trunk of NSFNET. However, due to the military nature of ARPANET and being controlled by government agencies, this decision was unsuccessful. So they decided to build a WAN called NSFNET at their own expense, using the TCP/IP protocol developed by ARPANET.
In 1986, NSF invested in the establishment of five supercomputing centers in Princeton University, the University of Pittsburgh, the University of California, San Diego, the University of Illinois, and the University of Cornell, and formed the prototype of NSFNET through 56 kbit/s communication lines. In 1987, NSF invited public bidding to upgrade, operate and manage NSFNET. As a result, IBM, MCI and Merit, a non-profit organization composed of many universities, won the NSF contract. In July 1989, the communication line speed of NSFNET was upgraded to T1 (1.5 Mbit/s), and 13 backbone nodes were connected. The communication line provided by MCI and the routing equipment provided by IBM were used. Merit was responsible for the operation and management of NSFNET. Thanks to NSF's encouragement and funding, many universities, government organizations and even private research institutions have merged their own LANs into NSFNET. From 1986 to 1991, NSFNET's subnets rapidly increased from 100 to more than 3000. The official operation of NSFNET and the realization of connection with other existing and new networks began to truly become the foundation of the Internet.
The expansion of the Internet in the 1980s brought not only quantitative changes, but also some qualitative changes. Due to the entry of various academic groups, enterprise research institutions, and even individual users, Internet users are no longer limited to pure computer professionals. New users find the communication between computers more attractive to them. As a result, they gradually regard the Internet as a tool for communication and exchange, rather than just sharing the computing power of NSF supercomputers.
5. The second leap phase The second leap in the history of the Internet is due to the commercialization of the Internet. Before the 1990s, the use of the Internet was limited to research and academic fields. The entry of commercial institutions into the Internet has been hampered by one kind or another of laws and regulations or traditional problems. In fact, government agencies that once paid for the construction of the Internet, such as the National Science Foundation of the United States, are not interested in commercial activities on the Internet. They have formulated a series of "usage guidelines" to restrict people from using the network they have built with taxpayers' money for business. For example, the ACCEPTABLE USE POLICIES issued by the National Science Foundation of the United States stipulates that "NSFNET trunk lines are only used for the following purposes: domestic scientific research and education institutions in the United States use it for public scientific research and education purposes, and research departments of American enterprises use it for public academic exchanges. Any other use is not allowed." In fact, there are many ambiguous points in such guidelines. For example, enterprise researchers send a new product introduction to university research partners through the Internet to help them grasp the latest trends in the field. Is this academic exchange or commercial advertising? and so on. However, after all, the existence of such use guidelines has created legal difficulties for commercial enterprises to use the Internet. So, how to untie the legal knot of using the Internet for commercial purposes? Fortunately, by the early 1990s, the Internet was not all funded by government agencies, but had some private owners. Because of the diversity of "bosses", it is possible to conduct business activities on the Internet.
The first problem is General A tomics, Performance Systems International U U net Telchnol ogies. These three companies operate their own CERFnet, PSInet and Alternet networks. These networks can bypass the NSFNET, the Internet backbone network funded by the National Science Foundation of the United States, to a certain extent and provide Internet networking services to customers. In 1991, they established the "Commercial InternetExchange Association", announcing that users can use their Internet subnets for any commercial purpose. This decision is really a stone that provokes a thousand waves. Seeing the huge potential of using the Internet for commercial purposes, other Internet commercial subnets have made similar commitments. By the end of 1991, even ANSI (Advanced Network and Service Inc), which established high-speed communication lines for NSFNET, announced that it had launched its own commercial Internet backbone. The emergence of Internet commercial service providers has finally enabled industrial and commercial enterprises to enter the Internet from the front door.
Business organizations step on the Internet, a strange world. It soon found great potential in communication, data retrieval, customer service, etc. As a result, the situation was out of control. Numerous enterprises and individuals from all over the world have flocked to the Internet,
So that the development of the Internet has a new leap. By the end of January 1996, the Internet had reached the whole world18. There are 9.47 million computer hosts in countries and regions, including 2146 in China, with more than 60 million direct users, making it the world's largest computer network.
Seeing the full wings of the Internet, NSFNET realized that it had completed its historical mission. Therefore, on April 30, 1995, NSFNET officially announced that it would stop operating. In its place were three private enterprises designated by the U.S. government: Pacific Bell America, Advancechl Data services and Bellcor. And Sprint. So far, the commercialization of the Internet has been completely completed.
At present, the Internet all over the world is an open computer network interconnected by tens of thousands of subnets on a voluntary basis. No company is called an Internet company, and no organization fully owns the Internet. This article was published in Shangpin China, a UEO marketing website construction company //ihucc.com/
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