What is information? What are the characteristics of information?
Source: Shangpin China |
Type: website encyclopedia |
Time: 2015-06-15
As a scientific concept and scientific research object, the emergence of information only has a history of more than half a century. In 1948, the classic information theory was born, marked by Shannon's "Mathematical Principles in Communication Theory". For more than 60 years, in the process of the formation of information science, people have carried out various discussions on the specific meaning, basic nature and utility of information. In the field of natural science, on the one hand, the study of information itself has gradually expanded from the probabilistic information in Shannon's information theory to the fields of grammatical information, semantic information and pragmatic information. Together with the study of channel theory, these studies have prepared the theoretical conditions for the further development of modern information processing technology and information transmission technology; On the other hand, from the research of information transmission and transformation process, general control theory and general system theory have gradually formed. From an information perspective Beijing website construction In the 1970s, many new theories such as dissipative structure theory, hypercycle theory and chaos theory were born.
In the field of social science, information science research has also achieved fruitful results. In traditional economic theory, the so-called resources refer to those natural things that can create material wealth. Through the study of the utility, scarcity, cost and value of information, people found that information has complete economic attributes, thus theoretically establishing the important position of information as economic resources. Information science provides a new perspective for economic research. The intersection of information research and economic research has initially formed branches such as economic informatics and information economics. In the field of management, information is not only the basis and basis for decision-making, but also the method and means for managers to regulate.
1. Definition of information
Information is an organized, meaningful and useful interpretation of data. Using information, you can judge conditions, estimate whether a problem has occurred, evaluate other solutions, and choose actions. But information is not entirely composed of data. It can also contain text, sound and images.
1) Text information
Text is written (narrative) information. People can type it, print it, or write it by hand. When people browse newspapers, read magazines, read letters or ponder over difficult clauses in the lease agreement, they are using text information. The match scores and statistics in sports competitions only give part of the information of a match, which explains why newspapers and magazines always provide a paragraph of data to emphasize the key matches. Without this additional information, it is impossible to fully understand the report on the match.
2) Audio message
The match statistics that people see in the newspaper can also be heard through the broadcast on the match field. This is verbal information - information conveyed by voice. Have you ever called to check the phone number and heard a voice similar to a person (but certainly not a person) giving out the number? This is also oral information - information conveyed by computer generated sounds. In fact, any sound can be collected by the computer system, transmitted on the network, or output through a computer controlled device. Now, it is very common to let people speak into the microphone connected to the computer to input human voice.
3) Image information
Image is a kind of visual information. Images can be used to summarize data, just like charts, or in the form of straight lines, figures or photos. Many multimedia presentations use animation technology to make text and images vividly displayed on the screen.
2. Main characteristics of information
The characteristics of information are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1) Social
Information is directly linked to social applications at the very beginning. It has real value only after being processed, selected, combined and expressed in a certain form by human beings. The development of informatization is manifested in the profound influence or change on the society, politics, economy, culture and daily life of the country or the world.
2) Transitivity
The transmissibility of information means that any information can only be received, processed and used by the destination after it starts from the source and passes through the channel carrier. That is to say, information can be transferred from one point to another in time or space, and can be transmitted through language, action, text, communication, computer and other media, and the transmission of information is not limited by time and space. The transmission of information in space is called communication, and the transmission of information in time is called storage.
3) Shareability
Information sharing mainly means that information, as a resource, can be used by different individuals or groups at the same time or at different times.
4) Indestructibility
After the information is sent from the source, its own information volume has not decreased, that is, the information does not disappear because it is used. It can be copied, stored for a long time, and reused in large quantities. The information provider does not lose its original information content and information volume because of the information provided, and the share of information shared by each user is not affected by the number of sharers.
5) Timeliness
Timeliness means that information should reflect the latest changing state of things. For example, the knowledge-based information industry is the most competitive and rapidly changing industry. In this field, the acquisition and utilization of knowledge and information, even if only a few weeks, days or even hours ahead or behind, can make an enterprise brilliant or face bankruptcy.
6) Initiative
The generation, existence and circulation of information depend on matter and energy. In turn, information can actively control or dominate the flow of matter and energy, and have an impact on changing its value. For example, new talents in the information society must have strong abilities in information acquisition, information analysis and information processing. This is not only the basic requirement of the economic development of the information society for new talents, but also the basis for promoting the development of the information society.
7) Objectivity
The objectivity of information means that information exists objectively. The generation of information originates from the substance, and after the generation of information, it must be attached to the substance, so the information is contained in any substance.
These characteristics constitute the most important natural attributes of information. In addition, as the social attribute of information, information has become one of the indispensable resources in all walks of life. It is a necessary process for human beings to acquire, accumulate and use information to understand and transform the objective world. With the help of information, human beings can acquire knowledge and effectively organize various social activities. Therefore, information is an indispensable resource for human beings to maintain normal activities.
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