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The Origin of the Internet: From APPANet to the World Wide Web

Source: Shangpin China | Type: website encyclopedia | Time: June 16, 2014
The Internet is composed of many interconnected networks, which can be seen as a special case of WAN. The Internet (Internet, also known as the Internet) is a typical Internet, which crosses national boundaries and almost covers the whole earth. The Internet connects government departments, educational institutions, enterprises Website construction company And private organizations. Although no organization can own it, every Internet user can feel that he or she is a member of the network. In this chapter, the Internet is called the Internet directly.

Modern computers originated in the Second World War, while the Internet originated in the Cold War. The 1960s was a very special era. In the early 1960s, with the occurrence of the Cuban nuclear missile crisis, the cold war between the United States and the former Soviet Union heated up, and the threat of nuclear destruction became a topic of daily life. At the same time that the United States imposed a blockade on Cuba, the Vietnam War broke out and many third world countries experienced political crises. Under the stimulus of the United States federal funds and the influence of public fear, the "laboratory cold war" also began. It is believed that maintaining the leading position in science and technology will determine the outcome of the war, and the progress of science and technology depends on the development of the computer field. By the end of the 1960s, every major federally funded research center, including purely commercial organizations and universities, had been equipped with programs that reflected the latest technology
Computer equipment, the idea of connecting computers to share data, has developed rapidly.

The US Department of Defense believes that there is a fatal defect in only one centralized military command center. Once the center is destroyed by nuclear weapons, the military command of the whole country will be paralyzed, with unimaginable consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to design a decentralized command system, which consists of decentralized command points. When some command points are destroyed, Other command points can still work normally, and these scattered points can be contacted through some form of communication network. In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US Department of Defense began to establish a network called ARPANET to connect several military and research computer hosts in the United States. At first, ARPANET only connected four hosts. At that time, ARPANET was placed under the protection of senior secrets of the US Department of Defense from military requirements, Technically, it does not have the conditions for outward promotion.

In 1983, ARPA and the Communications Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense successfully developed the TCP/IP protocol for heterogeneous networks. The University of California, Berkeley, took the protocol as part of its BSD UNIX, which made the protocol popular in society, thus giving birth to the real Internet.

In 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) established the NSFnet WAN on the basis of five supercomputer centers serving scientific research and education by using the TCP/IP communication protocol developed by ARPANEt. With the encouragement and support of the National Science Foundation of the United States, many universities, government funded research institutions and even private research institutions have merged their own LANs into NSFnet.

In 1989, researchers from the European Institute of Particle Physics successfully developed the World Wide Web (WWw), which laid a solid foundation for the Internet to achieve wide area hypermedia information interception and retrieval. In the early 1990s, ARPANEt has withdrawn from the historical stage, and the Internet has become a "network in network" - each subnet is responsible for its own erection and operation costs, and these subnets are interconnected through NSFnet.

Due to the entry of various academic groups, enterprise research institutions, and even individual users, Internet users are no longer limited to computer professionals. People gradually regard the Internet as a tool for communication and exchange, rather than just sharing the computing power of NSFnet supercomputer.

In 1991, three American companies operating CERFnet, PSlnet and Alternet networks respectively began to provide Internet networking services for customers. They formed the Commercial Internet Association (CIEA), announcing that users can use their Internet subnets for any commercial purpose. As soon as commercial institutions set foot in the Internet field, they found its great potential in communication, data retrieval, customer service, etc. As a result, the trend has never stopped. Since then, countless enterprises and individuals from all over the world have flocked to the Internet, bringing a new leap in the history of Internet development.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is an information retrieval service provided by the Internet. The Web principle was first proposed by Timothy Berners Lee, a software engineer working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1989. He proposed a set of protocols to enable scientists distributed around the world to easily share information and scientific research achievements through the Internet. This protocol was eventually accepted by the world and developed into today's Web standard.
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